主题：逐条解读中美联合声明

中美贸易战不打了！逐条解读中美联合声明，内涵相当丰富
来源： 环球网
2018-05-20 07:45
这对双方和世界来说，都是一个重要时刻。真是“两岸猿声啼不住，轻舟已过万重山”。
终于，经过两天两夜的激烈博弈，中美新一轮磋商结束了。

可以确定，中美贸易战，停火！止战！不打了！

这对双方和世界来说，都是一个重要时刻。真是“两岸猿声啼不住，轻舟已过万重山”。

中美随后发布了一份联合声明，虽然不长，但信息量非常大，简单解读一下：

1、中美贸易总量，要创新高了。

这份联合声明这样说：

双方同意，将采取有效措施实质性减少美对华货物贸易逆差。为满足中国人民不断增长的消费需求和促进高质量经济发展，中方将大量增加自美购买商品和服务。这也有助于美国经济增长和就业。
关键词：有效措施、实质性减少、大量购买，为满足，有助于……

但怎么减少？肯定不是减少中国对美出口，而是增加自美进口。这意味着中美贸易总量，将上一个新台阶。

其实，中美两国经济有很大互补性。联合声明也说了，这里面大概有四个有助于：

1、有助于满足中国人民不断增长的消费需求；

2、有助于促进高质量经济发展；

3、有助于美国经济增长；

4、有助于美国就业。

当然，对中国来说，其实还有助于国内竞争市场的形成。这一点，就说来就长了。

至于扩大自美进口具体，数字有多大，这应该取决于大家下一步的表现。必须指出，这绝对不能是强买强卖，有竞争力的不卖，没竞争力的摊派，那中美贸易不平衡问题，就是特朗普发一万条推特，估计也解决不了。

2、农产品和能源合作，将大规模展开。

中美联合声明说：

双方同意有意义地增加美国农产品和能源出口，美方将派团赴华讨论具体事项。
关键词：有意义地增加、美国农产品和能源……

这一点，意料之中。而且，这还真是一个双赢结果。

必须看到，美国农产品价廉物美，牛肉、大豆等产品的性价比，在全球都是领先的，而且具有稳定供应能力。对一个吃货民族来说，增加些美国农产品进口，有利于食品结构的优化，其实还有利于改善保护耕地。

值得注意的是，中国商务部前天突然终止了对美国高.粱的双反调查，理由也很实在，因为加税会提高下游养殖业成本。

至于美国对华能源出口，更是中国一直在争取的。受益于科技创新带来的“页岩气革命”，美国已迅速从世界能源最大进口国，变身成世界主要能源出口国之一。美国汽油价远远低于中国，这也是一个不争事实。

能源是现代经济的血脉，中国要发展，还需要进口大量能源；中国要蓝天，天然气更紧缺，别忘了，去年我们还爆发了“气荒”。确保能源的多元化供应，避免鸡蛋放在一个篮子里，对中国来说很重要。

现在，美国同意向中国多输出能源，美国人可以多赚钱，中国人获得更多能源供应。对双方来说，真的都是好事。

3、制成品和服务贸易，留待下一步谈判。

中美联合声明说：

双方就扩大制造业产品和服务贸易进行了讨论，就创造有利条件增加上述领域的贸易达成共识。
关键词：扩大，制造业产品和服务贸易、创造有利条件，达成共识……

与前面两条“双方同意”相比，这一条是“达成共识”，如果没猜错的话，那意味着双方会采取一些相关行动，但更多具体的细节，可能还需要下一步的谈判。

制成品是中国的强项，服务贸易是美国的优势。如果这两个方面也继续扩大，中美贸易总额还将增加，生意真是越做越大了。

4、知识产权领域，有实质性举措。

中美联合声明说：

双方高度重视知识产权保护，同意加强合作。中方将推进包括《专利法》在内的相关法律法规修订工作。
可能很多人会以为，正是美国不断施压，中国才采取措施加强知识产权保护，包括修改相关法律条文。其实，这是对中国的不了解，中国早过了那个阶段，加强知识产权保护，早已是中国经济的内在需求；至于中国承诺的修改相关法律，应该早在决策层的筹划中。

别忘了，在今年博鳌亚洲论坛演讲中，中国最高领导人有这样一句话：加强知识产权保护。这是完善产权保护制度最重要的内容，也是提高中国经济竞争力最大的激励。对此，外资企业有要求，中国企业更有要求。

请注意，这个“更”字。

正是因为对知识产权的重视，这一轮政府机构改革，中国还重组了国家知识产权局。而且中国领导人在博鳌也明确说了，对于侵害知识产权的事情，必须“完善执法力量，加大执法力度，把违法成本显著提上去，把法律威慑作用充分发挥出来”。

5、在投资领域，双方强调公平竞争。

中美联合声明说：

双方同意鼓励双向投资，将努力创造公平竞争营商环境。
关键词：鼓励双向投资、公平竞争……

别看这句话最短，但对不少中国赴美企业来说，可能非常重要。比如，对于华为公司来说，最近几年，多起在美国非常正常的商业收购，硬生生被美国CFIUS阻止，理由是威胁“国家安全”。

这其实就反映了对方营商环境的不公正。

CFIUS由美国财政部长担任主席，成员包括劳工部长、贸易代表等多名内阁官员，具体审查外来投资是否会损害美国“国家安全”。美国前贸易代表巴尔舍夫斯基就曾对牛弹琴（bullpiano）坦言，作为该机构的前成员，她认为CFIUS受政治影响太大，这也是“在美国做生意比较丑陋的一面”。

现在，双方同意鼓励“双向投资”。请注意，不只是美国对华投资，还包括中国对美投资，那意味着美国也要采取行动，要努力创造公平竞争的营商环境。

6、中美相关磋商将机制化。

中美联合声明最后，是这样一句话：

双方同意继续就此保持高层沟通，积极寻求解决各自关注的经贸问题。
关键词：继续保持、高层沟通、积极寻求解决……

也就是说，这种高层的沟通，双方将会继续，而且在沟通中，双方都会提出各自关注的问题，然后“积极”寻求解决。

这意味着一种工作机制的建立。

从之前的贸易摩擦一度升级，到美方派遣代表团赴北京沟通，再到中方代表团这次来华盛顿磋商，双方能坐下来谈，本身就是一个进步；而且，双方这次还进行了“建设性的”磋商，并承诺继续保持高层沟通，这都是相当正面的信号。

最后，还是忍不住，有三点感想。

第一，世界在变化，美国执政风格确实在发生剧烈变化。

这一点，相信不仅仅是中国一个国家的感受，日本、德国、法国感受更加强烈，甚至可能更加头疼。但这就是现实，中国其实也在以变应变。

第二，中国也顶住了压力，争取了最大利益。

这是一场苦战，两天两夜激烈的博弈，甚至不排除期间拍桌子瞪眼睛、面红耳赤的场景。中国代表团克服了12小时的时差，应该说也顶住了压力。这是一个双赢的可接受的成果，也使中美有效地化解了迫在眉睫的贸易战。

第三，中国也必须清醒，充分认识到自己的短板。

比如，在农业和能源等问题上，我们当然要进口性价比高的产品。但我们也要扪心自问，为什么同样的农产品，为什么美国货运到中国了，还是比中国要便宜？还有，让美国能源供应华丽转身的“页岩气革命”，中国什么时候能迎头赶上？

尤其是核心技术方面。正如中国最高领导人所警告的：核心技术是国之重器，在别人的墙基上砌房子，再大再漂亮也可能经不起风雨，甚至会不堪一击。而核心技术受制于人，是我们最大的隐患。

凡是过去，皆为序章。

特朗普时代的美国，确实给世界带来了新的变数和挑战；但新时代的中国，也确实更让人刮目相看。这种激烈博弈，也必然对世界格局演变产生深远的影响。

合作是唯一正确的选择。但，中国，现在还千万大意不得啊！

（*本文来自环球网，原标题《中美贸易战不打了！逐条解读中美联合声明，内涵相当丰富》，

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田崇宁
长久的反美宣传，早就从基因里培养了一批见美就反，对美恨之入骨的傻逼国民。现在的尴尬是上层根本离不开美国，而宣传口还要天天泼污水给它，反过来的就是不停舔俄舔国际反美国家，这股国内力量，始终是中国前进的障碍

国内的极端反美势力，绝大多数是体制内的既得利益者，这些人不仅极端反美，对本国国民也划分三六九等，只要他们怀疑对自己利益有企图的，无论国内外，一概仇视，极端反美只是他们言行的一部分，真实意图是维护自身利益。
美国每次对中国施压，主观上兼有破坏中国体制的意图，但每次客观上的结果，中国都清除了前进道路上的障碍，取得了新的进步；同样在国内，反改革反开放的既得利益者，也一样在管控中被逐步清除。这说明，中国的大多数人心怀正义和崛起雄心，有能力有力量扫清国内外一切不轨之心，包括国内的极端反美势力。

该贴内容于 [2018-05-20 19:09:11] 最后编辑

中国同意采购更多的美国商品和服务

副标题：中国人对具体采购额比较敏感，不愿作出明确的承诺

Bob Davis 华盛顿、 魏玲玲 北京报道

更新时间：美国东部时间2018年5月18日20时53分

地址：https://www.wsj.com/articles/chi ... hipments-1526629000

据会谈消息人士称，北京方面在第二天的闭门会谈中同意购买更多的美国产品和服务，但拒绝了美方关于将双方巨大的贸易逆差削减一半以上的要求。

中国人对具体的采购额比较敏感，不愿作出明确的承诺——消息人士称，但他们正在寻找途径以缓和两国间业已令全球市场感到恐慌的贸易紧张。周五早些时候，白宫国家经济委员会主任拉里·库德罗称中国将购买更多的农产品、能源以及金融服务。

在经过两天斗争激烈的紧张谈判之后，中国人同意增加进口美国产品。本次会谈的议题包括了贸易、技术和农业方面的争端。

北京终止了一项对用于家畜饲料和酿酒的美国高粱的反倾销调查——这项调查几乎切断了美国高粱对中国的出口。中国商务部早些时候声称（对美国高粱的）惩罚性措施将影响中国消费者的生活开销。

但是正如华尔街日报所言，这个决定具有广泛的暗示意义：为使美国放松对中国中兴公司的严厉制裁，双方正在进行谈判以期达成协议。

目前美国商务部禁止美国公司向中兴公司提供零部件。库德罗向福克斯商业网表示美国正在考虑减轻处罚，可替代的选项可能包括（要求中兴公司）撤换公司高管和董事会成员。这些改变“将是非常严厉的，”他说。

北京的谈判代表来到华盛顿，已经做好了额外采购美国商品的准备，以解决双方广泛的贸易争端——其中包括美方指控中国向美国公司施压要求转让先进技术以及窃取美国知识产权。美国威胁要对1500亿美元的中国商品征税，而北京表示将对等回应。

华盛顿的一项核心要求，就是中国必须在2020年底之前将3750亿美元的对美贸易顺差至少削减2000亿——尽管两国的经济学家都认为贸易逆差受两国投资和储蓄模式差异的影响，而并非贸易政策。北京之前拒绝了美方的要求，并继续坚持自己的立场——会谈消息人士称。

然而，双方都理解并领会了美国的立场——即中国必须显著增加对美国商品和服务的采购。

消息人士称，美国农业部最近要求美国的农业公司们提交一份清单，统计所有能够迅速提升对华出口农产品的公司。与此同时，中国也归纳了一份美国出口管制法规禁止向中国出口但其它国家却允许向中国出口的高技术产品清单。北京方面表示，如果美国放松上述产品的出口管制，那么中国将增加对美采购——相关消息人士声称。尽管如此，一些美国官员相信，未来一到两年内来自中国的额外采购总共也只有500~600亿美元，远远达不到美国的目标。

当紧张局势开始伤害两国间贸易的时候，解决贸易战就呈现出了一定程度的紧迫性。从高粱、大豆到汽车这些美国商品在进入中国市场后都面临销量增长的困难与障碍；与此同时，禁止美国公司向中兴出售零部件的一纸禁令也伤害了这家通信设备制造商以及其它中国的国有企业。

率领中国代表团的国务院副总理刘鹤令美方官员印象深刻。在一次简短的采访中，库德罗向白宫的记者们形容他“反应敏捷，是一个生意人”。

他说周四刘鹤在白宫椭圆形办公室与特朗普的会见中，发表了关于降低关税以及其它（惠及美方的）举措的“精彩陈述”。特朗普变得“见所未见的乐观，”——库德罗对福克斯商业网表示。

本周早些时候，特朗普表示他将保证让中兴公司重新回到商业活动中来，此举也让北京作出了一系列和解的姿态。在此之前中国反垄断机构将美国私人股权公司Bain Capital斥资180亿美元收购东芝公司闪存芯片业务的交易推迟了几个月，但是周二东芝公司表示当局已经允许交易继续进行。与此同时中国的监管机构还在本周早些时候重启了对美国芯片制造商高通收购恩智浦半导体公司这笔交易的审查。

“高通/恩智浦这笔交易现在看起来非常乐观，”一名北京方面的官员表示。

在周四，特朗普表示他将认真研究中国国家主席习近平关于撤销制裁中兴公司的请求。“他要求我来做这件事，而我一定会去做的，”特朗普说。“但是我们为中兴公司所做的，”这位美国总统补充道，“只是整个交易中的一小部分。”

作为对放过中兴公司的回报，中国将撤销对一系列美国农产品的制裁——在四月早些时候中国曾宣布制裁这些美国农产品，以作为美国对中国钢铁和铝制品加征关税的报复。

中国是美国农产品的主要买家：根据中国海关数据，中国去年进口了10亿美元的美国高粱。在2月份对美国高粱发起调查之后，北京对美国商船运输的高粱加征超额费用，要求进口商缴纳高粱价值178.6%的保证金。贸易专家表示此举严重伤害了德克萨斯州和堪萨斯州在内的农业——这两州的农业人口是共和党的传统票仓。

周五中国商务部宣布终止调查并全额返还保证金，此举从根本上撤销了对美国高粱生产商的惩罚。



《华尔街日报》原文：

China Agrees to Buy More U.S. Goods and Services

Chinese wary of committing to any specific amount of purchases

By Bob Davis in Washington and Lingling Wei in Beijing

Updated May 18, 2018 8:53 p.m. ET

The U.S. and China wrapped up a second day of talks with Beijing agreeing to buy more U.S. goods and services but resisting demands that it slash by more than half the vast trade deficit, according to people briefed on the talks.

The Chinese were wary of committing to specific purchases, said the people, but were looking for a way to ease trade tensions between the two nations, which have rattled markets globally. Earlier on Friday, White House National Economic Council Director Lawrence Kudlow said China would buy more farm products, energy and financial services.

The Chinese agreement to increase imports of U.S. products came after two days of intense and combative negotiations involving trade, technology and agricultural issues.

Beijing ended an antidumping probe into imported U.S. sorghum, used for livestock feed and brewing alcohol, which had all but shut down U.S. sales to China. China's Commerce Ministry said earlier that punitive measures on purchases of the crop would "affect the cost of living for consumers" in China.

But the decision has wider implications: the two sides have been negotiating a deal for the U.S. to ease crippling sanctions on China's ZTE Corp., as reported by The Wall Street Journal. In exchange, China would end recent restrictions and tariffs on U.S. agricultural products.

Currently the Commerce Department forbids U.S. companies from supplying parts to ZTE. Mr. Kudlow said that the U.S. was considering easing the punishments. Alternative sanctions could include changing senior management and board members, Mr. Kudlow told Fox Business Network. Such changes "would be very harsh," he said.

Beijing negotiators had come to Washington ready to make additional purchases of U.S. goods as a way to settle the broader trade fight, which involves allegations by the U.S. that China pressures U.S. firms to transfer advanced technology and steals U.S. intellectual property. The U.S. has threatened tariffs on as much as $150 billion in Chinese goods in that dispute and Beijing has said it would respond in kind.

One of Washington's central demands is that China reduce its merchandise trade surplus with the U.S. of $375 billion by at least $200 billion by the end of 2020, even though economists in both nations say that the trade deficit is affected by investment and savings patterns in both nations -- not trade policy. Beijing has rejected U.S. demands in the past and has continued to hold firm, said the people briefed on the talks.

Instead, the two sides have interpreted the demand to mean that China would sharply increase its purchases of U.S. goods and services.

The U.S. Agriculture Department recently asked agriculture companies to come up with a list of products whose production could be ramped up rapidly for export to China, said a person following the talks. At the same time, China put together a list of high-tech products that are barred by U.S. export controls for sale to China but are allowed by other nations. Beijing argues that if the U.S. would ease the export controls on these items, it would purchase more from the U.S., the person briefed on the matters said. Even so, some U.S. officials believe, the additional Chinese purchases would only total $50 billion to $60 billion in the next year or two, far short of the U.S. goal.

Settling the trade fight is taking on a degree of urgency as the tensions start hurting businesses in both countries. U.S. goods, from sorghum and soybeans to cars, have faced growing hurdles when entering China, while a U.S. order banning American companies from selling components to ZTE threatens to cripple the telecommunication-equipment producer and other state- owned Chinese companies.

The Chinese delegation was headed by Vice Premier Liu He, who impressed Washington officials, said Mr. Kudlow, who called Mr. Liu a "smart guy, a market guy," in a brief interview with White House reporters.

He said Mr. Liu met with President Trump on Thursday in the Oval Office and gave "an excellent presentation" involving reductions in Chinese tariffs and other measures. Mr. Trump became "much more optimistic than I have ever seen," said Mr. Kudlow on Fox Business Network.

Early this week, Mr. Trump said he would try to make sure ZTE got back in business, which has since led to a number of conciliatory gestures from Beijing. For instance, China's antitrust regulators had delayed for months U.S. private-equity firm Bain Capital's $18 billion deal for Toshiba Corp.'s memory-chip unit, but on Thursday the Japanese firm said regulators had allowed the deal to proceed. Chinese regulators also promised early this week to restart their review of U.S. chip maker Qualcomm Inc.'s bid for NXP Semiconductors NV.

"The Qualcomm/NXP deal is looking more optimistic now," a Beijing official said.

In remarks Thursday, Mr. Trump said he would look into President Xi Jinping's request to lift the sanctions on ZTE. "He asked me to do it, and I would do that," Mr. Trump said. "But anything we do with ZTE," the U.S. president added, "is just a small component of the overall deal."

In return for relief on ZTE, China would agree to hold back penalties on a variety of U.S. agricultural products it announced in early April as retaliation for U.S. tariffs on Chinese steel and aluminum exports.

China is a major buyer of U.S. farm products; it imported about $1 billion in American sorghum last year, according to Chinese customs data. After launching the sorghum investigation in February, Beijing imposed a surcharge on U.S. shipments of the grain, requiring importers to pay deposits worth 178.6% of the value. The move has severely hurt sales from farms in states including Texas and Kansas, a traditional base for the Republican Party, trade experts say.

On Friday, China's Commerce Ministry said it would return the deposits in full while announcing the end to the probe, essentially removing the penalties on U.S. sorghum producers.

总体来说，美国媒体的反应相当失望。

首当其冲就是中国没有明确承诺将贸易逆差缩小2000亿美元，只是在联合声明中同意扩大对美采购，也没给出具体的采购金额——毕竟拿出2000亿美元是扩大，拿出一个美元也是扩大；

其次，美国媒体认为政府曾表态要打击“中国制造2025”的国家政策，但声明中完全没有涉及，竟然放过了中国。《华尔街日报》在此前的文章中甚至认为，打击“中国制造2025”的产业政策远比削减2000亿美元的贸易逆差更为重要，因为这关系到美国的未来；

第三，美方代表、财长姆努钦倾向于放松对华高技术出口管制，以换取中国扩大进口，引起美国军方和政界人士强烈不满。美国媒体担心此举威胁国家安全和美国长远利益；

第四，声明中没有提及惩罚中兴，美国媒体和美国民族主义者担心特朗普故意装傻，连之前说的“从轻处罚”都没有，让中兴逍遥法外；

第五，声明中说各种细节还有待以后讨论，美国媒体认为这是在开空头支票，给美国人画大饼，担心这样一份笼统的声明最终沦为废纸一张。

总结：在纽约时报、华尔街日报、CNN三家媒体中反应最激烈、最为失望的是华尔街日报，其次是CNN，纽约时报的态度既喜且悲，在表达失望的同时又在文章最后语重心长地表示“如果我们不作让步那么我们也不会得到更多”——而这是抗华先驱班农导师说的话。





《纽约时报》：中美双方吹嘘会谈成功，但更多细节留待以后

地址：https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/19/us/politics/china-trade-deal.html

Ana Swanson 华盛顿报道

美国时间2018年5月19日

为了降低与美国间高达数万亿美元的贸易失衡，中国将扩大对美货物和贸易采购——周六两国发表的联合声明中说。

如何减少这种贸易失衡还有待观察。

本星期，特朗普政府的官员们之前曾说中国已经准备好2000亿美元的对美额外采购，但是的注意的是，周六的声明中却没有任何金额——也没有迹象表明双方商定具体的提高规模。

白宫表示中国已经承诺购买更多的农产品和能源出口，但是又指出美国官员将在某个时候前往中国确定协议的细节。

“为了满足中国人民不断增长的消费需求以及高质量的经济增长的需要，中国决定显著提高对美货物和服务采购，”声明中说。“这同时有助于美国的就业与（对华）供应能力的提高。”

特朗普总统在就职以来就对中国持强硬态度，并且美国采取了一系列的措施聚焦于贸易，包括威胁对中国产品征税以及限制中国投资进入美国。从美国的这些主张来看，就是北京使用不正当手段窃取了美国的知识产权，尤其是在当前中国正在大力推进称之为5G的下一代无线通信技术的背景下。

最近，两国在减少贸易紧张的问题上都表现出了妥协的意愿，本星期中方官员来到华盛顿同各类内阁官员进行了一系列的对话，包括财政部长史蒂文·姆努钦。

周六的声明中没有提及今年特朗普政府是否将撤销对约500亿美元的中国出口商品征收关税。但是根据新华社消息，中国政府的经济顾问同时也是本次谈判的中方领队刘鹤，建议双方于近期同时停止加征关税。

工业界团体——美国制造商联盟的主席Scott Paul认为，从从声明中看，这次对话似乎并没有为美国公司创造一个在中国公平竞争的环境。

“有些时候不如离开谈判桌，向中国展示我们具有强大的决心和信念，”他说。“我们需要细节，但是我对谈判的前景不抱乐观。”

当本周谈判结束的时候，双方达成的进展释放出来的信号却是混乱的。

“他们正在满足我们的许多要求，”周五国家经济委员会主任拉里·库德罗在讨论“至少2000亿”额外采购的可能性时对记者们说。

中国媒体驳斥了（2000亿美元采购的）让步传言。周五中国外交部否认中国提出把中美贸易逆差减少2000亿美元；周六，被认为是中国政府喉舌的官方报纸《人民日报》称这些报道是“一种误读。”去年（美国）同中国的贸易逆差已经达到了3752亿美元。

最近几天，美国官员内部就如何回应北京方面扩大对美货物和服务采购发生了冲突。

其中一个争议就是美国政府是否应该放松对某些产品或技术所谓的出口管制。据两名接近会谈但不能公开身份的人士表示，出口管制决定了那些具有军事用途或者先进技术的产品可以出口到哪里以及出口的数量，比如用于智能手机和电脑的半导体器件。

一直领导（对华）谈判的姆努钦，强烈希望放松出口管制法规，以避免贸易战的爆发并巩固未来几年中国额外的对美采购。但姆努钦的计划遭到国防部官员的强烈反对，他们担心出售（受管制产品）将会损害美国的国防安全——其中一名人士表示。

国防部和财政部都没有立即回应相关报道。

另一个争论点在于是否应该放过中国通信公司中兴。特朗普政府对中兴公司违反美国对伊朗和朝鲜的制裁法令而作出的惩罚措施已经有效重创了该公司的业务，并使中国数以万计的工作岗位处于风险之中。

在经历最近几个月对华的强硬立场之后，特朗普看来准备放松对中兴的制裁，上个星期他在推特上说已经有太多的工作岗位丢失了。

这些言论激起了美国政府和法律界国会议员中持强硬立场人士的强烈反应，他们将在中兴公司问题上对中国的让步视为对法律约束力的侵犯以及对美国国家安全的潜在威胁。

美国给予（中国的）任何机会都会在经济民族主义者（用西方人的话来讲，就是指在经贸问题上持右翼或民粹立场的人；按公知的话来讲，就是指经贸问题上的“愤青”、“爱国贼”——楼主注）中激起反对——他们把对华征税和限制中国投资视为特朗普正在履行其核心竞选承诺。

“如果我们不做一点点让步，那么在接下来的对话中我们获得的快乐一定不会更多——这一点至关重要，”总统前战略顾问史蒂芬·班农说。

——Mark Landler（华盛顿）、Keith Bradsher（北京）参与报道





《华尔街日报》：中国拒绝了美国要求缩小贸易逆差的目标[未能看到报道全文，以下为部分报道内容]

副标题：北京方面的官员提出增加采购，但拒绝了特朗普政府将双方贸易逆差缩减2000亿美元的明确要求

地址：https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-rejects-u-s-target-for-narrowing-trade-gap-1526756661

Bob Davis（华盛顿）、魏玲玲（北京）报道

更新时间：美国东部时间2018年05月19日16时38分

用尽全力的特朗普政府最终未能让中国接受其削减2000亿美元双边贸易逆差的要求，经过两天的激烈交锋，中国官员拒绝承诺任何具体目标。

两天的协商在华盛顿结束了，周五双方就联合声明的内容彻夜争论，消息人士称。作为削减中国高达3750亿美元的贸易优势的一项措施，中方愿意扩大采购美国商品。

美方谈判人员试图迫使中方谈判代表就2000亿美元的额外采购目标作出明确承诺。中方拒绝了这样一个包含明确数额的目标，现在这个问题只能交给特朗普总统和习近平主席了，这位人士表示。

在中国代表团准备打道回府之际，双方发布了一份简短的联合声明，但声明中没有提及任何美国想要的明确的采购金额。

“双方同意实质性地提高对美国农产品和能源出口采购，”声明中说，并且加上了“双方代表还讨论了在工业制成品和服务业这两项上扩大贸易。双方就为在以上领域扩大贸易创造有利条件的必要性上达成共识。”





CNN：中国将显著提高对美货物和服务采购

地址：http://money.cnn.com/2018/05/19/news/china-united-states-trade-announcement/index.html

Julia Horowitz 报道

发布时间：美国东部时间2018年05月19日14时38分

更新时间：美国东部时间2018年05月19日16时37分

在经过几个星期的紧张之后，中美两国达成了初步的贸易协定。

在周六发表的联合声明中，中美双方确认：为了降低两国间的贸易失衡，中国已经同意将显著提高对美货物和服务采购。这是两天来在华盛顿同中方官员举行的对话中特朗普政府的最高要求。

这份协定意味着多大的进展尚有待观察。在这份声明中中国并未承诺具体的金额。

“为了满足中国人民不断增长的消费需求以及高质量的经济增长的需要，中国决定显著提高对美货物和服务采购，”声明中说。“这同时有助于美国的就业与（对华）供应能力的提高。”

中美两国承诺加强合作——一直以来这两个世界上最大的经济体互相威胁征收数百亿美元的税，而这将导致一场贸易战争。

声明中说，双方明确同意将实质性提高美国农产品和能源的（对华）出口。美方准备派团来华敲定细节。

美国官员在周四告诉CNN，北京已经提议扩大对美采购至2000亿美元。但周五在北京举行的例行新闻发布会上，中国外交部发言人陆慷否认有这样的提议。

声明中依然没有提到中兴公司，这家中国的电信巨头最近陷入了贸易争端的中心。

上周日，特朗普总统的一个举动震惊了很多人，他在推特中写道他将同中国国家主席习近平一道，共同帮助中国国有电话和通信设备制造商中兴公司回到商业活动中来，并补充说“已经命令商务部落实这件事！”

在特朗普政府禁止美国公司向其提供重要生产部件之后，中兴公司已经停止了其主要业务。美方称在惩罚违反美方对朝鲜和伊朗制裁禁令的公司员工的问题上，中兴公司欺骗了美方官员。

参议院少数党领袖Chuck Schumer在周六的发言中指责这份联合声明是想要把对中兴的从轻处罚搁置起来（也就是不处罚了——楼主注）。

“如果政府在中兴的问题上屈服并允许它生存下去，即便他们被处罚——他们已经被处罚了——这将给习主席一个信号：我们是懦弱的谈判对象，”Schumer表示。

Schumer还指出（联合声明中）缺乏保护美国知识产权的具体步骤。

三月，在经过长达一个月对（中国）窃取（美国）知识产权问题的调查之后，特朗普提出要对500亿美元的中国（对美）出口货物加征关税；作为回应，中国声言要对美国飞机、汽车以及高粱征收报复性关税。紧接着特朗普提高了新一轮对中国1000亿美元货物征税的可能性。

对于知识产权保护的问题，中美双方在周六的声明中仅仅提到要“加强合作”，并且中国“将在该领域改进完善法律法规。”

战略与国际研究所中国经济问题专家Scott Kennedy表示：“这份联合声明太过笼统以致缺乏约束力。”

“没有任何一方承诺任何具体的行动，既没有扩大贸易与投资，限制产业政策，也没有采取任何惩罚措施，”他说。

Kennedy所要表达的中心意思，就是美国政府是否决定放弃与知识产权调查相关的（对华）加征关税的措施。

“如果放弃，那么中国获得了巨大的胜利，”他说。“如果不放弃，那么我们最多在双方决裂前获得了一个临时的喘息。”

CNN财经（纽约）










《纽约时报》原文：

U.S. and China Tout Trade Talks as Success, but Leave the Details for Later

By Ana Swanson

May 19, 2018

WASHINGTON — China will increase its purchase of American goods and services in order to reduce the multibillion-dollar trade imbalance with the United States, the two countries said in a joint statement Saturday.

How much the imbalance will be reduced remains to be seen.

Trump administration officials had said during negotiations this week that China was prepared to make up to $200 billion in additional purchases. Notably absent from Saturday’s announcement were any dollar figures — or a sense of the scale of the agreed-upon increases.

The White House said that China had committed to buying more agriculture and energy exports, but noted that American officials would at some point go to China to work out the details of their agreement.

“To meet the growing consumption needs of the Chinese people and the need for high-quality economic development, China will significantly increase purchases of United States goods and services,” said the statement. “This will help support growth and employment in the United States.”

The Trump administration has taken a hard line against China since the president took office, and the United States has made a series of moves focused on trade, including threatening tariffs on Chinese products and restrictions on Chinese investment flowing into the country. Among the claims that the United States has made is that Beijing has unfairly stolen intellectual property, especially as China pushes ahead in developing the next generation of wireless technology known as 5G.

Recently, both countries have shown a willingness to compromise to reduce trade tensions, and Chinese officials came to Washington this week for a series of talks with various cabinet officials, including Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin.

The announcement Saturday made no reference to whether the Trump administration would walk away from tariffs imposed this year on roughly $50 billion of Chinese imports. But Liu He, an economic adviser who led the negotiations for China, suggested that both sides would stop recently imposed tariffs, according to China’s Xinhua News Agency.

Scott Paul, the president of the Alliance for American Manufacturing, an industry group, said that judging from the announcement, the talks didn’t appear to have moved American businesses toward a level playing field in China.

“Sometimes it’s better to walk away from the negotiating table to reinforce the point to China that our resolve is strong,” he said. “We need more details, but I’m not encouraged by the direction these talks are headed.”

As the negotiations this week wound down, mixed signals emerged about the progress the two sides had made.

“They are meeting many of our demands,” Larry Kudlow, director of the National Economic Council, told reporters Friday as he discussed the possibility of “at least $200 billion” in additional purchases.

Chinese media contested the concessions. The Foreign Ministry denied Friday that it had offered to reduce its trade deficit with the United States by the $200 billion amount, and on Saturday the state-run People’s Daily, considered a mouthpiece for the Chinese government, called the reports “a misunderstanding.” The trade deficit with China reached $375.2 billion last year.

American officials have clashed in recent days over what to offer Beijing in return for increasing its purchases of American goods and services.

One issue is whether the United States should relax so-called export controls on certain products and technology, according to two people who were familiar with the negotiations but were not authorized to speak publicly about them. The controls determine where — and in what quantity — products with military applications or advanced technologies, like semiconductors that power smartphones and computers, can be exported to other countries.

Mr. Mnuchin, who has been leading the negotiations, has pushed for relaxing the rules in order to forestall the possibility of a trade war and secure China’s purchase of additional goods from the United States in the coming years. Mr. Mnuchin’s plan has faced stiff opposition from Defense Department officials, who fear such sales could compromise American national security, one of the people said.

The Defense Department did not immediately respond to a request for comment, nor did the Treasury Department.

Another point of contention has been whether to offer relief for ZTE, a Chinese telecom firm. The Trump administration penalized ZTE for violating American sanctions against North Korea and Iran, steps that have effectively shuttered the company’s business and put tens of thousands of Chinese jobs at risk.

After taking a tough stance on China in recent months, President Trump has appeared open to relaxing penalties against ZTE, posting to Twitter last weekend that too many jobs had been lost.

The comments provoked a sharp backlash from hard-liners within the administration and lawmakers across the political spectrum, who saw concessions to the Chinese on ZTE as infringing on the rule of law and potentially endangering national security.

Any breaks offered by the United States could backfire with economic nationalists, who have viewed the imposition of tariffs and investment restrictions against China as the fulfillment of one of Mr. Trump’s core campaign promises.

“It’s imperative that we do not back off one iota, and certainly not for more happy talk about continuing dialogue,” said Stephen K. Bannon, the president’s former chief strategist.

—Mark Landler contributed reporting from Washington, and Keith Bradsher from Beijing.





《华尔街日报》原文[部分]：

China Rejects U.S. Target for Narrowing Trade Gap

Beijing officials offer to step up purchases, but refuse to commit to Trump administration’s specific $200 billion cut from bilateral deficit

By Bob Davis in Washington and Lingling Wei in Beijing

Updated May 19, 2018 4:38 p.m. ET

A last-ditch effort by the Trump administration failed to get China to accept its demand for a $200 billion cut in the U.S. bilateral trade deficit, as Chinese officials resisted committing to any specific targets after two days of contentious negotiations.

The two days of deliberations in Washington ended with both sides arguing all night on Friday over what to say in a joint statement, people briefed on the matter said. The Chinese had come willing to step up purchases of U.S. merchandise as a measure to narrow China’s vast $375 billion trade advantage.

But U.S. negotiators pushed the Chinese delegates to approve a specific target of $200 billion in additional Chinese purchases. The Chinese refused any such target in specific dollar amounts, and the matter is now in the hands of President Donald Trump and President Xi Jinping, the people said.

The two sides released a joint statement shortly after the Chinese delegation was scheduled to return home, but it made no reference to the specific purchasing amounts that the U.S. had wanted.

“Both sides agreed on meaningful increases in United States agriculture and energy exports,” the statement said, adding that “the delegations also discussed expanding trade in manufactured goods and services. There was consensus on the need to create favorable conditions to increase trade in these areas.”





CNN原文：

China will 'significantly increase' purchases of US goods and services

by Julia Horowitz @juliakhorowitz

First published May 19, 2018: 2:38 PM ET

Updated by May 19, 2018: 4:37 PM ET

After weeks of tensions, China and the United States have reached an initial agreement on trade.

Both parties said in a joint statement on Saturday that China has agreed to "significantly increase" purchases of US goods and services, in order to reduce the trade imbalance between the two countries. This was a top demand of the Trump administration during two days of trade talks in Washington with Chinese officials.

It remains to be seen how big a step the agreement represents. The announcement did not put a dollar amount on the commitment from China.

"To meet the growing consumption needs of the Chinese people and the need for high-quality economic development, China will significantly increase purchases of United States goods and services," the statement said. "This will help support growth and employment in the United States."

The pledge for more cooperation comes as the US and China, the world's two largest economies, have threatened tens of billions of dollars in tariffs that could lead to a trade war.

Both sides specifically agreed to "meaningful increases" in US agriculture and energy exports, according to the statement. The US intends to send a team to China to hammer out the details.

US officials on Thursday told CNN that Beijing had proposed boosting Chinese purchases of American goods by around $200 billion. But at a regular news briefing in Beijing on Friday, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Lu Kang denied such an offer had been made.

The statement also did not mention ZTE, the Chinese tech giant that has recently been at the center of the trade spat.

Last Sunday, in a move that surprised many, the president tweeted that he working with Chinese President Xi Jinping to help Chinese state-controlled phone and telecom equipment maker ZTE (ZTCOF) get back into business, adding the "Commerce Department has been instructed to get it done!"

ZTE halted its main operations after the Trump administration banned American companies from selling it vital product components. The US said that ZTE had lied to American officials about punishing employees who violated US sanctions against North Korea and Iran.

Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, in a statement on Saturday, criticized the joint announcement for seeming to keep lighter penalties for ZTE on the table.

"If the administration capitulates on ZTE and allows it to continue to exist, even if they are fined — they've been fined once already — that will signal to President Xi that we are weak negotiators," Schumer said.

Schumer also protested what he said was a lack of concrete steps needed to protect US intellectual property.

In March, Trump proposed tariffs on $50 billion worth of Chinese exports following a months-long investigation into IP theft, calling it a "tremendous" problem. China, in turn, pledged retaliatory tariffs on US items like planes, cars and soybeans. Trump then raised the possibility of an additional round of tariffs worth $100 billion.

China and the United States said in Saturday's statement only that the two countries would "strengthen cooperation" on intellectual property protections, and that China "will advance relevant amendments to its laws and regulations in this area."

Scott Kennedy, an expert on the Chinese economy at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, said the joint statement is "too vague to be binding on its own."

"It commits neither side to any specific action, either to expand trade and investment, constrain industrial policy or not adopt penalties," he said.

The key, according to Kennedy, is whether the US decided to drop its tariffs linked to the intellectual property investigation.

"If yes, China got a huge win," he said. "If not, we at most have a temporary respite in hostilities."

CNNMoney (New York)

CNN正在不断更新该消息，楼主也将继续予以跟进。[最新：CNN已改口]

中国向美国提交了一份2000亿美元的贸易大单？北京说没有。

副标题：在本周举行的旨在避免贸易战的高风险对话中究竟讨论了什么，中美两国的说辞大相径庭。

首次发布：美国东部时间2018年5月17日23时08分

更新时间：美国东部时间2018年5月18日5时46分 [第7次更新——楼主注]

地址：http://money.cnn.com/2018/05/17/news/economy/china-us-trade-talks/index.html

美国官方在周四向CNN表示，中国提议扩大采购约2000亿美元的美国商品——以尝试削减两国间庞大的贸易失衡。

而周五在北京举行的一场例行新闻发布会上，中国外交部发言人陆慷否认中方提交了这样一份大单。

“那些谣言不是真的，”他说。

两国官方间举行的这次谈判，旨在找出途径以避免世界上最大的两个经济体之间爆发剧烈的贸易冲突。近几个月以来华盛顿和北京相互威胁向对方价值数百亿美元的产品征收关税。

关于此次谈判，陆慷拒绝提供更多的细节，只是形容会谈是“建设性的”。谈判将在周五继续举行。

中国还在周五表示将撤销前不久作出的对美国出口高粱课以重税的决定，这个行动将有助于缓解贸易紧张局势。

美国官方同时表示，将中国对美采购金额提高到2000亿美元的设想只是中国方面提出的一个建议，双方并未就此达成协议。

这个数额反映了本月早些时候在北京举行的第一轮会谈中美方向中国政府公布的诉求清单中的一条：要求在2020年底之前，中国必须削减2000亿美元的对美贸易顺差。

专家们认为，继去年购买了1300亿美元的美国商品之后，中国将在短时间内尽力大规模地扩大美国商品的进口——而2000亿美元是一个惊人的增长。

“目前不清楚中国将如何实现这个数字，”Aberdeen标准投资管理公司新兴市场专家Alex Wolf表示。

他指出中国有可能将原本向德国和日本采购的工业设备及类似的产品转而向美国采购。但这将导致市场供应链的破坏，并在美国与遭受影响的国家之间制造紧张局势。另外，尚不能确定美国经济能否顺利向中国供应其所需要的机器设备。

美国公司需要时间进行调整，以适应中国进口需求的巨大跃升。

“他们可能将原本对空客飞机的采购转向波音，但是让波音公司突然接手这些订单是不切实际的，至少在短期内如此，”Wolf说道。

然而无论中国向美国提出什么要价，中国政府总要得到点什么作为回报。

而这可能包括要求美国政府撤销某些对中国的高技术出口限制，Macquarie投资银行经济学家Larry Hu表示。“但美国政府很可能不愿意这样做，”他补充道。

与此同时中国还向美国政府施压，要求解除禁止向中兴公司出口美国零部件的损害性禁令。中兴公司是中国的一家智能手机和通讯设备的大型制造商。

特朗普在周日宣布他将“采取措施尽快让中兴公司重新回到商业活动中来”，并补充说他已经命令美国商务部尽快落实。

周四的会谈包括特朗普总统与中国国务院副总理刘鹤在白宫椭圆形办公室举行的一场见面会——而他是中国国家主席习近平的首席经济顾问。

另外，美国政府还在向中国施压，要求其改变旨在促进高技术产业发展的政策。

中国已经发出信号，表明它对改变自己的产业政策没有兴趣——那些被中国视为对其经济发展具有决定性作用的政策。但是美国的贸易代表Robert Lighthizer已经明白无误地将对至少500亿美元的中国产品征收高额关税的威胁与北京方面雄心勃勃的计划联系在一起——这些计划旨在使中国成为全球高技术产业如机器人、电动汽车等领域的领导者。

“中国试图把双方的矛盾仅仅看成贸易逆差的问题。他们想把它视作一个数额争议，”Wolf说。

周五中国商务部发布声明，终止实施反制美国高粱出口的那些措施——这看起来对美国的农场主们是一个安慰。北京方面早前指责他们在中国市场倾销这种主要用作动物饲料的农作物。

中国商务部在声明中指出，其上个月对美国高粱加征重税的行为“并不符合公众的利益。”

中国外交部发言人陆慷表示，观察家们不应将（中国商务部）关于美国高粱的决定与正在华盛顿举行的贸易会谈“过度联系”。

——Steven Jiang，Jethro Mullen和Serenitie Wang参与报道。



CNN原文：

Did China make a $200 billion trade offer to the US? Beijing says no

China and the United States are offering different accounts of what has been discussed in high-stakes talks this week to avoid a trade war.

by Kevin Liptak and Daniel Shane CNNMoney (Washington)

First published May 17, 2018: 11:08 PM ET

May 18, 2018: 5:46 AM ET

US officials on Thursday told CNN that Beijing had proposed boosting Chinese purchases of American goods by around $200 billion in an attempt to reduce the massive trade imbalance between the two countries.

But at a regular news briefing in Beijing on Friday, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Lu Kang denied such an offer had been made.

"These rumors are not true," he said.

Top officials from the two countries held talks in Washington on Thursday aimed at finding a way out of their bitter trade dispute. The United States and China have threatened in recent months to slap tariffs on tens of billions of dollars of each other's products.

Lu declined to provide more details on the negotiations, which are set to continue Friday, other than to describe them as "constructive."

China also said Friday that it's removing a huge import tax it recently imposed on US exports of sorghum, a move likely to help ease trade tensions.

The US officials had said the idea of increasing China's purchases of American goods by $200 billion increase was just a proposal by the Chinese side and no agreements had been reached.

The number reflected one of the US demands presented to the Chinese government during the first round of talks, which took place in Beijing earlier this month. The demand called for China to cut its trade surplus with the United States by $200 billion by the end of 2020.

Experts say China, which bought $130 billion of American goods last year, would struggle to significantly ramp up the amount in a short space of time -- and $200 billion would be a staggering increase.

"It's unclear how exactly China gets to this number," said Alex Wolf, an emerging markets economist at Aberdeen Standard Investments.

He pointed out that China could try to shift its purchases of industrial machinery and similar goods from countries like Germany and Japan to the United States. But that could cause disruptions to supply chains and create tensions with those countries. It's also not certain the US economy could easily supply the kind of machinery China needs.

American companies would need time to adjust to a huge jump in demand from China.

"They could redirect their Airbus (EADSF) purchases to Boeing (BA), but its unrealistic for Boeing to have to meet that order book, at least in the short term," Wolf said.

And whatever it offers the United States, the Chinese government is likely to want something in return.

That could include removing restrictions on the export to China of certain advanced American technologies, according to Larry Hu, an economist at investment bank Macquarie. But the US government "might not be willing to do that," he added.

China has also been pressing the United States to lift a crippling ban on the sale of American parts to ZTE, (ZTCOF) a big Chinese maker of smartphones and telecommunications equipment.

President Donald Trump said Sunday that he was working on giving ZTE "a way to get back into business, fast," adding that he had instructed the US Commerce Department to "get it done."

Thursday's meetings included one in the Oval Office between Trump and Chinese Vice Premier Liu He, the top economic adviser to Chinese President Xi Jinping.

The US government has also been pressuring China to change its industrial policies aimed at boosting Chinese high-tech industries.

Beijing has signaled it's not interested in changing a strategy it views as crucial for developing its economy. But US Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer has clearly linked the threat to impose heavy tariffs on at least $50 billion of Chinese products to Beijing's ambitious plans to become a global leader in industries like robotics and electric vehicles.

"China wants it to just be about the trade deficit. They want it to be a numbers issue," Wolf said.

The Chinese Commerce Ministry's announcement Friday that it is ending its measures against US sorghum exports is likely to come as a relief to American farmers. Beijing had previously accused them of dumping the crop, which is typically used to feed animals, on its markets.

The ministry said in statement the heavy import charges it placed on US sorghum last month "are not in line with the public interest."

Lu, the Foreign Ministry spokesman, said observers shouldn't "over-interpret" the decision on sorghum as being directly related to the trade talks in Washington.

-- Steven Jiang, Jethro Mullen and Serenitie Wang contributed to this report.





CNN之前的报道：

CNN：美国官方宣布：中国提议购买2000亿美元的美国商品

副标题：中国正在加快努力以避免同美国发生贸易战争

CNN财经记者Kevin Liptak和Daniel Shane 华盛顿报道

首次发布：美国东部时间2018年5月17日23时08分

更新时间：美国东部时间2018年5月18日1时47分 [第5次更新——楼主注]

中国提议扩大采购约2000亿美元的美国商品——以尝试削减两国间庞大的贸易失衡，美国官方在周四表示。

这个原本被专家们预计非常难以实现的巨大变化，在双方的贸易谈判中仍然只是一项提议，而并未达成协议，美国官方补充道。

中国商务部并没有在第一时间对此作出回应。

本次谈判旨在找出途径，以避免世界上最大的两个经济体之间爆发剧烈的贸易冲突。近几个月以来华盛顿和北京相互威胁向对方价值数百亿美元的产品征收关税。

周四美方高层与中方代表团在华盛顿举行会谈之后，白宫表示双方同意在周五继续举行会谈。

周四的会谈包括特朗普总统与中国国务院副总理刘鹤在白宫椭圆形办公室举行的一场见面会——而他是中国国家主席习近平的首席经济顾问。

本月早些时候在北京举行的第一轮会谈中，美方向中国政府公布的要求清单中包括在2020年底前削减中美贸易逆差2000亿美元。

目前还不清楚中国如何能让从美国的进口额发生如此戏剧性的增长。按照美国政府所说，中国去年从美国采购了1300亿美元的货物。

专家们之前就预计中国很可能将致力于大规模扩大美国商品的进口——2000亿美元是一个惊人的增长。

“目前不清楚中国将如何实现这个数字，”Aberdeen标准投资管理公司新兴市场专家Alex Wolf表示。

他指出中国有可能将原本向德国和日本采购的工业设备及类似的产品转而向美国采购。但这将导致市场供应链的破坏，并在美国与遭受影响的国家之间制造紧张局势。另外，尚不能确定美国经济能否顺利向中国供应其所需要的机器设备。

美国公司需要时间进行调整，以适应中国进口需求的巨大跃升。

“他们可能将原本对空客飞机的采购转向波音，但是让波音公司突然接手这些订单是不切实际的，至少在短期内如此，”Wolf说道。

作为回报，中国政府提出了什么要求目前尚不清楚。

Macquarie投资银行经济学家Larry Hu表示，中国的这项提议很可能建立在美国政府（必须）撤销某些高技术对中国出口限制的基础之上。“但美国政府很可能不愿意这样做，”他补充道。

中国还向美国政府施压，要求解除禁止向中兴公司出口美国零部件的损害性禁令。中兴公司是中国的一家智能手机和通讯设备的大型制造商。

特朗普在周日宣布他将“采取措施尽快让中兴公司重新回到商业活动中来”，并补充说他已经命令美国商务部尽快落实。

中国政府对特朗普的表态表示欢迎。但特朗普周三在推特上又说“除非将中兴公司（的问题）纳入到更大的一揽子贸易协定中来解决，否则什么也不会发生。”

专家指出，北京试正在策划一项协议，试图将焦点聚焦于贸易失衡上，而不是在美国对其旨在促进高技术产业的国家政策的施压下让步。

“中国试图把双方的矛盾仅仅看成贸易逆差的问题。他们想把它视作一个数额争议，”Wolf说。

中国已经发出信号，表明它对改变自己的产业政策没有兴趣——那些被中国视为对其经济发展具有决定性作用的政策。但是美国的贸易代表Robert Lighthizer已经明白无误地将对至少500亿美元的中国产品征收高额关税的威胁与北京方面雄心勃勃的计划联系在一起——这些计划旨在使中国成为全球高技术产业如机器人、电动汽车等领域的领导者。

作为缓解双方紧张局势的另一个举措，中国商务部在周五宣布放弃对美国高粱进口的调查。北京之前曾指责美国农场主在中国市场倾销高粱，并在上个月宣布将对美国高粱征收巨额进口关税。

美国高粱主要用于动物饲料，中国商务部在周五表示：“对美国高粱的反倾销措施将影响中国消费者的生活，这与公众利益并不一致。”

——Daniel Shane，Jethro Mullen和Serenitie Wang参与报道。



CNN原文：

China proposes buying $200 billion of American goods, US officials say

China is stepping up its efforts to avoid a trade war with the United States.

by Kevin Liptak and Daniel Shane CNNMoney (Washington)

First published May 17, 2018: 11:08 PM ET

Updated May 18, 2018: 1:47 AM ET

Beijing has proposed boosting Chinese purchases of American goods by around $200 billion in an attempt to reduce the massive trade imbalance between the two countries, US officials said Thursday.

The huge change, which experts say would be very difficult to achieve, is still just a proposal and no agreements have been reached yet in the trade talks between the two sides, the officials added.

The Chinese Commerce Ministry didn't immediately respond to a request for comment.

The negotiations are aimed at finding a way out of the bitter trade clash between the world's top two economies. Washington and Beijing have threatened in recent months to slap tariffs on tens of billions of dollars of each other's products.

After the trade talks Thursday in Washington between top US officials and a Chinese delegation, the White House said that "the two sides agreed to continue the discussions on Friday."

Thursday's meetings included one in the Oval Office between President Donald Trump and Chinese Vice Premier Liu He, the top economic adviser to Chinese President Xi Jinping.

The US demands presented to the Chinese government during the first round of talks, which took place in Beijing earlier this month, included cutting the US trade deficit with China by $200 billion by the end of 2020.

It wasn't immediately clear how China would carry out such a dramatic increase in imports from the United States. It bought $130 billion of American goods last year, according to US government figures.

Experts have said previously that China would likely struggle to significantly ramp up imports of American-made goods -- and $200 billion would be a staggering increase.

"It's unclear how exactly China gets to this number," said Alex Wolf, an emerging markets economist at Aberdeen Standard Investments.

He pointed out that China could try to shift its purchases of industrial machinery and similar goods from countries like Germany and Japan to the United States. But that could cause disruptions to supply chains and create tensions with the affected countries. It's also not certain the US economy could easily step in to supply the kind of machinery China needs.

American companies would need time to adjust to a huge jump in demand from China.

"They could redirect their Airbus (EADSF) purchases to Boeing (BA), but its unrealistic for Boeing to have to meet that order book, at least in the short term," Wolf said.

It's also unclear what the Chinese government is asking for in return.

Larry Hu, an economist at investment bank Macquarie, said the Chinese proposal was likely to be dependent on the United States removing restrictions on the export to China of certain advanced American technologies. But the US government "might not be willing to do that," he added.

China has also been pressing the United States to lift a crippling ban on the sale of American parts to ZTE (ZTCOF), a big Chinese maker of smartphones and telecommunications equipment.

Trump said Sunday that he was working on giving ZTE "a way to get back into business, fast," adding that he had instructed the US Commerce Department to "get it done."

The Chinese government welcomed his comments. But Trump tweeted Wednesday that "nothing has happened with ZTE except as it pertains to the larger trade deal."

Experts say Beijing is trying to engineer a deal focused on the trade imbalance rather than cede to US pressure over its industrial policies aimed at boosting Chinese high-tech industries.

"China wants it to just be about the trade deficit. They want it to be a numbers issue," Wolf said.

China has signaled its not interested in changing its industrial policies, which it views as crucial for developing its economy. But US Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer has clearly linked the threat to impose heavy tariffs on at least $50 billion of Chinese products to Beijing's ambitious plans to become a global leader in industries like robotics and electric vehicles.

In another move that appeared designed to defuse tensions, the Chinese Commerce Ministry said Friday it was dropping its investigations into US sorghum exports. Beijing had previously accused American farmers of dumping sorghum on its markets and announced last month it would start putting a huge import charge on the crop.

The ministry said Friday that the measures against US sorghum, which is typically used to feed animals, "would affect the cost of living of consumers and are not in line with the public interest."

-- Jethro Mullen and Serenitie Wang contributed to this report.

该贴内容于 [2018-05-21 10:38:32] 最后编辑

中美两国在华盛顿就双边经贸磋商发表联合声明后，美国当地时间20日，美财政部长姆努钦在接受福克斯新闻专访时证实，此前两天的谈判取得了“有意义的进展”，中美两国正在退出可能的贸易战。


在这一轮贸易磋商中，观察者网此前援引美媒报道称，中方愿意加购美国商品，但拒绝向美承诺任何具体数额。尽管美方并未得到一个中国同意削减其对美贸易顺差的具体金额，据福克斯新闻报道，姆努钦表示，美方得到了一些关于逐步削减贸易赤字框架上的承诺，包括增加购买美国农产品及美国能源产品。



福克斯报道截图


“我们正在暂停贸易战，”姆努钦20日在福克斯新闻节目上说。


姆努钦表示，由于谈判取得了进展，特朗普政府已同意暂停对高达1500亿美元的进口中国商品征收惩罚性关税。



姆努钦在福克斯新闻节目中


姆努钦说，预计今年美国农产品对中国的销量将增长35%-40%，另外，美国能源产品出口也将翻倍。他说，这可能意味着美国能源产品的销售在未来3到5年间增加500亿美元至600亿美元。


姆努钦还介绍，美国商务部长罗斯(Wilbur Ross)将很快前往中国继续跟进，讨论有关细节。



中美两国代表在华盛顿就双边经贸磋商（图自姆努钦推特）


另据路透社报道，白宫国家经济委员会主任库德洛（Larry Kudlow）也在20日表示，下一步将是派罗斯前往中国，探讨中国可以大幅增加进口的领域，包括能源、液化天然气、农业及制造业等。


不过，另一个复杂的信号是，美国贸易代表莱特希泽（Robert Lighthizer）20日却发表了与姆努钦当天表态相互矛盾的声明。


据《华尔街日报》报道，姆努钦上午在新闻节目中表示，特朗普政府将“暂停贸易战”，并推迟对进口中国商品征收关税。


然而几个小时后，莱特希泽在一份声明中却说，中国需要“真正的结构性改革”，除非中国对其经济做出“真正结构性的改变”，否则华盛顿可能仍然会诉诸关税及其他工具，包括投资限制与出口监管。





该报指出，来自美方官员们的混杂信号可能会进一步使特朗普政府的贸易议程复杂化。


库德洛当天在接受美国广播公司“本周”（This Week）节目采访时说，“更广泛的议题还在商谈，中国有降低关税和非关税壁垒等‘结构性改革’，这将让美国得以提高出口。”


库德洛说，特朗普对此非常乐观。但他表示，尚未达成贸易协议。


“没有贸易协议，”库德洛对ABC说：“我们从来没有指望过会有。两大国之间仅有公报而已。而在这份公报中，你可以看到接下来的方向。”


扩大农产品进口规模有助于倒逼国内农业结构调整


在19日发布的中美双边经贸磋商联合声明中，双方同意有意义地增加美国农产品和能源出口，美方将派团赴华讨论具体事项。


扩大农产品进口，增加对美农产品进口，将给中国和中国的消费者带来哪些好处？


据中国新闻网报道，专家指出，随着中国食品消费结构升级，扩大农产品进口有利于丰富国内农产品市场，优化中国食品结构，实现食品进口多元化布局。


“采取更加主动有效的措施，进一步扩大农产品进口，实现进口多元化、品种多样化，对丰富百姓餐桌、满足菜篮子需求的意义十分重大。”中国食品土畜进出口商会副会长于露向中新社记者表示，中国是世界上最具活力的食品农产品市场，随着中国中等收入人群不断壮大，国内消费市场对农产品的安全健康尤为关注，对健康食品的进口有着十分旺盛的需求。


目前，中国农产品进口主要来自于美国、巴西、东盟、欧盟和澳大利亚。专家指出，扩大对农业生产效率较高国家的农产品进口，将有助于降低国内农产品价格，利好消费者，而美国的农产品价廉物美，牛肉、大豆等农产品性价比领先世界，供应能力稳定。


中国国际贸易学会专家委员会副主任李永表示，当前，中国消费者生活水平上升到一个新台阶，对肉类的消费快速增加，因此，中国农产品进口的主要需求是畜牧业，肉类成为主要的进口农产品。此外，豆粕是全球最大、最稳定的畜牧业蛋白来源，中国的大豆产量不能满足不断增长的畜牧业需要，需要进口补充。“美国农业生产效率高，价格有竞争力，扩大进口可降低中国畜牧业成本，使百姓餐桌上的肉类价格保持相对稳定。”


历史经验表明，中国农产品质量水平随着对外开放的推进不断得到提升。数据显示，2001年中国刚加入世贸组织时，中国农产品抽检合格率仅为60%多，到如今已经达到97%左右。进一步扩大农产品进口也将加速推进中国农业转型升级，助力“质量兴农”。


中国社会科学院农村发展研究所研究员、农产品市场与贸易研究室主任李国祥表示，扩大农产品进口规模，虽然在一定程度上会对国内农产品带来冲击，但同时也有助于倒逼国内农业结构调整，发展绿色农业和优质农业。


于露表示，中美两国农业合作一直是中美务实合作的重要组成部分，在扩大对美国农产品进口的同时需要更好地借鉴美国农业的先进经验和技术，更好服务于中国农业产业升级，从而使两国的农业合作为两国民众带来福祉。


此外，专家指出，扩大农产品进口也是保护中国耕地资源的需要。首都经济贸易大学财政与税务学院院长姚东旭表示，中国人均耕地和水资源都比较匮乏，特别是种植业的条件并不好，不具备比较优势，充分利用好国际国内两个市场，将有助于缓解资源的承载压力。


增加对美油气进口 有助中国推动能源结构调整


对于中国增加美国能源产品进口，有专家向中新社记者表示，中美能源合作具有天然优势，扩大对美原油、天然气进口有利于中国实现能源进口多元化和能源结构调整。


据中国新闻网报道，在国际能源市场，美国是一个新兴供应者，有充足的石油和天然气等能源供应。自次贷危机以来，借助以页岩油气资源勘探开发为主调的能源革命，美国已宣布成功实现能源独立。


与此同时，当前中国经济正高速发展，需要大量能源支持，但国内能源产量还难以满足经济发展需求。尤其中国正强调环境保护、清洁能源和可再生能源运用，伴随煤炭行业的去产能和技术升级，原油和天然气需求上升较快。


中国国家统计局数据显示，2017年，中国原油进口量突破4亿吨，原油进口量与国内产量之比持续扩大，由2012年的1.3:1扩大到2.2:1。同期，中国天然气进口量也持续快速增长，达到946.3亿立方米，进口量与国内产量之比由2012年的0.4:1扩大到0.6:1。


中国金融四十人论坛高级研究员哈继铭表示，当前中国原油、天然气产量和消费量间差额较大，必须由进口弥补。2017年中国天然气主要从土库曼斯坦、澳大利亚、卡塔尔、阿联酋等国进口，从美国进口额占总进口量较小，仍有较大增长空间。供需的高度对应，为中美能源合作铺平了道路。


“中美能源合作具有天然优势。”北京师范大学金融研究中心主任钟伟分析说，一方面，中国能源需求集中在东南沿海，即西太平洋区域，太平洋航道宽阔顺畅；另一方面，中国已有建造大型原油和液化天然气运输船的能力，并在东南沿海逐步建设能源接收站。同时，中美之间已有在能源领域展开长期合作的早期收获，因此中国能源进口的“大蛋糕”也会令美国能源企业长期获益。


在中国宏观经济研究院能源研究所副所长王仲颖看来，增加自美国进口还有利于中国实现能源进口多元化。他表示，中国原油对外依存度持续处于高水平，进口原油中绝大多数通过海运实现，且大部分都来自于中东地区。从安全角度看，进一步丰富进口来源国也是有益的。


此外，随着中国经济增长由高速向高质量阶段“转轨”，改善环境质量、调整能源结构需求加大，增加进口还有利于实现能源稳定供给。


值得注意的是，中国为切实改善民生，解决“气荒”问题，扩大进口成为重要举措之一。


目前，美国已成为世界上最大的天然气生产国。据国际能源署(IEA)预计，2020年美国天然气产量将超过全球总产量的五分之一，2022年有望成为世界最大的天然气出口国。


王仲颖表示，增加使用相对清洁的天然气，减少煤炭消费量，对中国实现能源结构调整有重要意义，“但这是一个长期过程，不可能一年两年就解决”。在未来中国天然气需求量还将急剧增长的情况下，增加进口有利于解决民生需求，同时对接美国页岩气革命带来的巨大天然气出口需求，从而实现双赢。